我们知道英语中的最常见、最基本的语序是 SVC, SVO. 例如:
- I am a man. (SVC)
- I like apples. (SVO)
同时,SVC, SVO 也是一个句子的主干部分(main parts), 有了这几个部分,句子可以说基本上大体上完整了。如果觉得句子表达的信息不够丰富,可以增加修饰成分(modifiers),这些修饰成分附着在各个中心词(head word)的前后,起到补充信息的作用。
以上是英语句子中最常见的语序。但是英语中并不是只有上述语序的存在,实际上我们还会见到其它语序。
例如把受词放到句首的:
- What are you doing? (O+Auxiliary + S + V)
- The king was killed. (O + Auxiliary + V)
还有把 Auxiliary verb 放到句首的:
- Do you like tea? (Aux + S + V + O)
- Have you finished that project? (Aux + S + V + O)
- Was the king killed? (Aux + O + V)
还有把 main verb 放到句首的:
- Are you ok? (V + S + C)
- Are you Chinese? (V + S + C)
还有把 Compliment 放到句首的:
- Out rushed a group of kids. (C + V + S)
- There are seven monkeys in the tree. (C + V + S + Modifier)
- Here comes the bus. (C + V + S)
- Where are you? (C + V + S)
还有因为句首有否定意义的词,而出现“非主流”语序的,例如:
- Hardly can we trust a man who often cheats others.
还有so, such 移到句首,而出现“非主流”语序的,例如:
- So weak was his voice that nobody could hear him.
- Such was the terrible weather that we had to cancel our original plan.
还有 only 移到句首,而出现“非主流”语序的,例如:
- Only then did I realize that I really was the person to blame.
- Only if you keep training for at least one year can you attend that boxing match.
还有表达祝福时出现“非主流”语序的,例如:
- May you find comfort in the arms of the angel.
因为 SVC 和 SVO 是最常见的语序,所以语法书上通常是把其它语序说成是倒装(inversion),其实严格说来,不过是句子成分移位而已。句子成分移位的原因主要有两个:
- 将句子中的某个成分放到句首话题化
- 古英语中的V2原则
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